Программа вступительного испытания в магистратуру направление «050100 Педагогическое образование»
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| Приложение №1 Английский язык |
Литература а) основная:
б) дополнительная:
Испанский язык
Литература
^ Образцы текстов и заданий Прочитайте следующий текст на иностранном языке.
^ Текст № 1 Gender-Neutral Language (by Carolyn Jacobson, University of Pennsylvania) The practice of assigning masculine gender to neutral terms comes from the fact that every language reflects the prejudices of the society in which it evolved, and English evolved through most of its history in a male-centered, patriarchal society. Like any other language, however, English is always changing. One only has to read aloud sentences from the 19th century books to sense the shifts that have occurred in the last 150 years. When readers pick up something to read, they expect different conventions depending on the time in which the material was written. As writers, we need to be not only aware of the conventions that our readers may expect, but also conscious of the responses our words may elicit. In addition, we need to know how the shifting nature of language can make certain words awkward or misleading. "Man" once was a truly generic word referring to all humans, but has gradually narrowed in meaning to become a word that refers to adult male human beings. Anglo-Saxons used the word to refer to all people. One example of this occurs when an Anglo-Saxon writer refers to a seventh-century English princess as "a wonderful man." The Old English word for adult male was waepman and the old English word for adult woman was wifman. In the course of time, wifman evolved into the word "woman." "Man" eventually ceased to be used to refer to individual women and replaced “wer” and “waepman” as a specific term distinguishing an adult male from an adult female. But “man” continued to be used in generalizations about both sexes. By the 18th century, the modern, narrow sense of “man” was firmly established as the predominant one. When Edmund Burke, writing of the French Revolution, used ‘men” in the old, inclusive way, he took pains to spell out his meaning: "Such a deplorable havoc is made in the minds of men (both sexes) in France. . . ." Thomas Jefferson did not make the same distinction in declaring that "all men are created equal" and "governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed." In a time when women, having no vote, could neither give nor withhold consent, Jefferson had to be using the word “men” in its principal sense of "males," and it probably never occurred to him that anyone would think otherwise. Looking at modern dictionaries indicate that the definition that links "man" with males is the predominant one. Studies of college students and school children indicate that even when the broad definitions of "man" and "men" are taught, they tend to conjure up images of male people only. We would never use the sentence "A girl grows up to be a man," because we assume the narrower definition of the word “man”. Once you've started to recognize the problems that can arise with using "man" as a generic noun, how can you prevent confusion? One way is by substituting "human," "humankind," "people," or another word that does not involve any specific gender. Вопросы к тексту:
Текст № 2 Library of the future? Paper books come at an environmental cost. Switching to electronic readers could be a much greener way to enjoy the printed word. I never used to believe in e-books. How could an electronic device hope to replace the beauty of the printed book form, the elegance of its design, the tactile sensation of turning the pages and the smell of good-quality paper? I love libraries. I love bookshops. I love the scent of the leather bindings and the musty pages. The mere presence of a large number of books induces a profound sense of wellbeing in me. But recently I've been intrigued by the idea that e-book readers could be a greener way to distribute the printed word. And since I started using one my position has begun to evolve. Printed books are not what they were; many are cheaply produced, smell peculiarly of chemicals, and bow or split before you've even finished reading them. Many of my parents' books, paperbacks bought in the 1960s and 1970s, are now unreadable: the glue in the spines has turned to brittle flakes, the pages are yellowed and fall out as soon as you open them. I always thought I'd keep my books for ever but it begins to be clear that they have a built-in obsolescence. Meanwhile my iliad e-book reader is sleek and beautiful. It's a pleasant object to hold, and with its useful page-turning bar, one-handed reading is simple. It's been striking to me how many book-lovers can immediately see the use of an e-book reader. And will this be a good thing for the environment? It's hard to judge. A report by the US book industry study group last year found that producing the average book releases more than 4kg of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Then there's the cost of warehousing and transport to consider. What about the electronic alternative? While the digital books themselves have a relatively low impact - recent figures suggest that transferring one produces around 0.1g of CO2 - there are other factors to take into account. Charging the reader and turning virtual pages all have an energy cost, as does turning on your computer and downloading a file. The heaviest burden, though, will be in making the reader itself. If one were to buy an e-book reader, then keep it for 30 years, the impact would be small. But many electronic devices don't last that long, it's unlikely that we would want to keep a single e-book reader as long as we might keep a book. Disposal of electronic items is extremely problematic. Recycling electronic equipment - or processing them into constituent parts - isn't without environmental damage. Paper books are, at least, eventually biodegradable, while e-book readers might pose a lasting environmental problem. E-books present another ethical problem - piracy. Music piracy has become ubiquitous since the advent of the iPod, and authors might fear e-books for that reason. The e-book also presents exciting creative possibilities for authors. Imagine being able to create a book that gives different content depending on where the reader is; or one which alters itself as it is read. The e-book could become a whole new art form. Books have been an object of veneration in our culture for centuries. It is natural - and green - not to want to toss them out. It would be best for the environment if we carried those habits over into the e-book. Just as we strive to prolong the life of printed books, passing them on when we have read them, we need to avoid making the e--book reader another annually replaced gadget. If the e-book revolution is to be a green one, we will need not only robust designs but also a new trade: the e-book repairer. Вопросы к тексту:
Немецкий язык Текст № 1 Nonverbale (analogische) Kommunikation (Aus: Heringer, H.J. Interkulturelle Kommunikation) In der Erforschung interkultureller Kommunikation nimmt die nonverbale oder analogische Kommunikation einen großen Raum ein. Ihr kommt besondere Wichtigkeit zu, weil es hier häufig zu Missverständnissen kommt. Gründe dafür sind vor allem:
Allerdings halten wir die Gewichtung angeblicher Anteile nonverbaler Kommunikation für überzogen. Sie scheint eher darauf zurückzuführen, dass viele Psychologen, Anthropologen und Ethnologen sich mit interkultureller Kommunikation befasst haben und zu wenig Linguisten. Völlig aus der Luft gegriffen sind aber Behauptungen wie die nonverbale Kommunikation mache 70% der Kommunikation aus. Da soll man erst erklären, wie man Kommunikation misst und in Zahlen fasst. Solche Absurditäten braucht es nicht, um die Wichtigkeit nonverbaler Kommunikation zu beweisen. Wir stellen vorsichtshalber klar: Diskrete, sprachliche Kommunikation ist der bei weitem effektivste, differenzierteste und klarste Modus menschlicher Kommunikation. In den meisten Fällen sind Gesten nur sprechbegleitend und sie sind weitgehend ikonisch. <...>
Nonverbale Kommunikation ist spezifischer gedacht. Sie ist besonders zuständig für Gefühle, also für etwas, was sonst oft als unausdrückbar deklariert wird. Вопросы к тексту:
Текст № 2 Spart nicht so viel! Ökonomisch gesehen waren die alten Germanen ziemliche Dummköpfe. Sie unternahmen zwar von Zeit zu Zeit erfolgreiche Raubzüge bei den Römern, aber statt die erbeuteten Goldbecher gegen ein paar fette Wildschweine zu tauschen, bildeten sie sich ein, sie müssen für das Leben nach dem Tod vorsorgen. Die alten Germanen wussten nicht, wie Wirtschaft funktioniert. Die neuen Germanen verstehen es auch nicht. Man sieht das an einem wenig beachteten Phänomen: Der Durchschnittsdeutsche von heute pflegt seinen Besitz – und stirbt mit einem Vermögen von 150 000 Euro. Die Deutschen verhalten sich also ganz ähnlich wie ihre Vorfahren vor 2000 Jahren. Sie arbeiten sich jahrelang ab, um einen Reichtum aufzubauen, von dem sie zum großen Teil nichts haben, weil sie ihr Geld nicht ausgeben. |
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